How do IBDV immune complex vaccine viruses arrive at the bursa of Fabricius on the optimal day?

The IBDV immune complex vaccines were developed in the late 1990s with the aim of having an IBD vaccine that could be given in the hatchery and that could provide protection regardless of the maternal antibody level of the chicks. However, the use of IBD immune complex vaccines has proved to be much more, offering live vaccine protection with improved safety and increased potential for humoral response compared to the use of the homologous vaccine virus alone1.

In addition, immune complex vaccines can provide the so-called “intelligent vaccination” against IBDV by adapting their onset of immunity to individual protective needs, colonizing the bursa of Fabricius on the optimal day for each chick. This adapted onset of immunity avoids the feared immunity gap that may happen when other types of vaccines are used2.

But what is the mechanism of action of IBDV immune complex vaccines? How is the neutralization by maternal antibodies prevented? Where is the vaccine virus retained until its replication at the bursa of Fabricius starts?

Watch the following video for a better understanding of the mechanism of action of IBDV immune complex vaccines:

Video summary

The key point of IBDV immune complex vaccines is to ensure the correct coating of the vaccine virus with the specific IBDV antibodies (IgY).

This correct coating of the virus is what will prevent the neutralization of the vaccine virus by maternally derived antibodies (MDAs).

The immune complex (virus+IgY) will then be retained in the follicular dendritic cells of lymphoid organs (and probably on macrophages) which will lead to a continuous release of the virus without antibodies.

If the protection provided by the mother is still active, the virus released will be neutralized by the MDAs and will not start to replicate.

Once this maternal protection starts to decrease, the virus released will not be neutralized and will start to replicate in the bursa of Fabricius, which means that the bird will automatically be protected by competitive exclusion and the onset of immunity will start.

This onset of immunity depending on the protection needs of each individual chick is known as “Gumboro intelligent vaccination”.

References:

  • Whitfill et al. 1995. Avian Diseases 39 (4), 687-699.
  • Gelb et al. 2016. Avian Diseases 60(3), 603-612.

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